Neurological and Neuropsychological Changes Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: New Observations, New Mechanisms
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SAGE Publications Inc.
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a ubiquitous receptor that interacts with the virus’ surface S glycoprotein. Recent reports show that the virus affects the central nervous system (CNS) with symptoms and complications that include dizziness, altered consciousness, encephalitis, and even stroke. These can immerge as indirect immune effects due to increased cytokine production or via direct viral entry into brain tissue. The latter is possible through neuronal access via the olfactory bulb, hematogenous access through immune cells or directly across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and through the brain’s circumventricular organs characterized by their extensive and highly permeable capillaries. Last, the COVID-19 pandemic increases stress, depression, and anxiety within infected individuals, those in isolation, and high-risk populations like children, the elderly, and health workers. This review surveys the recent updates of CNS manifestations post SARS-CoV-2 infection along with possible mechanisms that lead to them. © The Author(s) 2020.
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Angiotensin, Ards, Autoantibodies, Covid-19, Encephalitis, Inflammation, Neurodegeneration, Pandemic, Sars, Stroke, Viral infection, Aged, Blood-brain barrier, Child, Humans, Pandemics, Sars-cov-2, Alpha interferon, Angiotensin converting enzyme 2, Cytokine, Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, Glycoprotein, Immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein, Interleukin 10, Interleukin 1beta, Interleukin 6, Interleukin 8, Transcription factor ap 1, Tumor necrosis factor, Adult respiratory distress syndrome, Anxiety, Autoimmunity, Blood brain barrier, Blood clotting, Cell damage, Central nervous system, Cerebrovascular accident, Circumventricular organ, Clinical feature, Convulsion, Coronavirus disease 2019, Covid-19-associated meningoencephalitis, Degenerative disease, Depression, Disease association, Human, Human coronavirus oc43, Hyperinflammation, Immune response, Immunocompetent cell, Lung alveolus epithelium cell, Mental disease, Nerve degeneration, Nervous system inflammation, Neurologic disease, Neuropsychology, Neurotropic virus, Nonhuman, Olfactory bulb, Renin angiotensin aldosterone system, Respiratory tract disease, Restlessness, Review, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Social aspect, Virus entry, Complication