Finite Element Modeling of Rammed Earth Constructions

Abstract

Rammed earth has gained popularity due to its environmental impact compared to the traditional ways of construction. Using rammed earth, Soils will be poured into a formwork system and compacted using a hammer to build various systems of different architectural shapes. Once the formwork is totally removed, the system will be susceptible to many loading factors depending on the zoning where it is built (snow load, earthquake loads, wind loads, gravity loads etc.…). Also, they produce less emissions of carbon dioxide and therefore more eco-friendly. It is also known that well stabilized rammed earth constructions can be as strong and viable as a conventional structure namely concrete and/or steel materials. Several models including a ruler with concentrated mass load on its tip, a 2D elastic axisymmetric cylinder with top discrete rigid caps, and both elastic and elastoplastic 2D axisymmetric cylinder along with a 3D rammed earth wall of dimensions like those at the American University of Beirut (AUB) confirm that the finite element software ABAQUS is functioning properly. Moreover, rammed earth material is quasi-brittle that could be modeled using the Concrete Damage Plasticity model while assessing the effect of several sizes of square and circular openings at different locations on a typical wall. In addition, stiffener localized effect at the opening surface could work as a reinforcement to prevent sudden failure.