Carbon Nanotubes in Biomedical Applications: Factors, Mechanisms, and Remedies of Toxicity
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American Chemical Society
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) represent one of the most studied allotropes of carbon. The unique physicochemical properties of CNTs make them among prime candidates for numerous applications in biomedical fields including drug delivery, gene therapy, biosensors, and tissue engineering applications. However, toxicity of CNTs has been a major concern for their use in biomedical applications. In this review, we present an overview of carbon nanotubes in biomedical applications; we particularly focus on various factors and mechanisms affecting their toxicity. We have discussed various parameters including the size, length, agglomeration, and impurities of CNTs that may cause oxidative stress, which is often the main mechanism of CNTs' toxicity. Other toxic pathways are also examined, and possible ways to overcome these challenges have been discussed. © 2016 American Chemical Society.
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Animals, Biosensing techniques, Drug delivery systems, Equipment design, Gene transfer techniques, Humans, Models, molecular, Nanotechnology, Nanotubes, carbon, Oxidative stress, Regenerative medicine, Tissue engineering, Carbon nanotube, Multi walled nanotube, Single walled nanotube, Solubilizer, Biomedicine, Biosensor, Catalyst, Cytotoxicity, Drug delivery system, Gene delivery system, Gene therapy, Genotoxicity, Human, Immune system, Membrane damage, Nanosensor, Nanotoxicology, Nonhuman, Particle size, Physical chemistry, Review, Surface property, Synthesis, Animal, Chemistry, Devices, Drug effects, Gene transfer, Genetic procedures, Molecular model, Procedures, Ultrastructure