Pharmacological Induction of Fetal Hemoglobin in β-Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease: An Updated Perspective
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MDPI
Abstract
A significant amount of attention has recently been devoted to the mechanisms involved in hemoglobin (Hb) switching, as it has previously been established that the induction of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production in significant amounts can reduce the severity of the clinical course in diseases such as β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD). While the induction of HbF using lentiviral and genome-editing strategies has been made possible, they present limitations. Meanwhile, progress in the use of pharmacologic agents for HbF induction and the identification of novel HbF-inducing strategies has been made possible as a result of a better understanding of γ-globin regulation. In this review, we will provide an update on all current pharmacological inducer agents of HbF in β-thalassemia and SCD in addition to the ongoing research into other novel, and potentially therapeutic, HbF-inducing agents. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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Fetal hemoglobin, Globin gene, Pharmacological induction, Sickle cell disease, Β-thalassemia, Γ-globin, 2 cyclohexyl n (1 isopropyl 4 piperidinyl) 6 methoxy 7 [3 (1 pyrrolidinyl)propoxy] 4 quinazolinamine, Aciclovir, Azacitidine, Benserazide, Cilostazol, Decitabine, Dimethyl fumarate, Dna methyltransferase inhibitor, Hemoglobin f, Hemoglobin gamma chain, Histone deacetylase inhibitor, Hydroxyurea, Metformin, Pomalidomide, Salubrinal, Tenofovir disoproxil, Tetrahydrouridine, Thalidomide, Tovinontrine, Transcription factor nrf2, Tranylcypromine, Vorinostat, Beta thalassemia, Carcinogenicity, Cell differentiation, Cell proliferation, Cytotoxicity, Dna methylation, Drug efficacy, Drug safety, Erythroid precursor cell, Erythropoiesis, Gene editing, Gene expression, Hematopoietic stem cell, Hemoglobinopathy, Human, K-562 cell line, Morbidity, Mortality, Multiple myeloma, Parkinson disease, Pharmacodynamics, Phenotype, Platelet count, Review, Rna interference, Sickle cell anemia, Systematic review, Thrombocytosis