Glioblastoma multiforme metastasizing to the skin, a case report and literature review
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Elsevier Inc.
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary central nervous system (CNS) malignancy in adults. It is very aggressive and is notorious for its fast and local invasion of nearby brain parenchyma. Consequently, the overall survival (OS) of patients with GBM is short despite resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy regimens. The most common sites of metastasis of GBM are the lungs and pleura, cervical lymph nodes, and bone. Metastasis to the skin is a rare event and to our knowledge, there are less than 30 cases of GBM metastasizing to cutaneous or subcutaneous tissue described in the literature. None of these cases were diagnosed and/or treated in the Middle East region; and the majority of the metastases found were adjacent to the site of surgery undergone to remove the primary malignancy. We present the case of a 53-year-old male diagnosed with GBM and later showing signs of metastases at the anterio-auricular side of his face near-distant from the site of previous surgery done to remove the primary tumor. © 2021
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Keywords
Cns (central nervous system), Glioblastoma multiforme (gbm), Metastasis, Skin, Bevacizumab, Desmin, Fluorodeoxyglucose f 18, Glial fibrillary acidic protein, Irinotecan, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Ki 67 antigen, Lomustine, Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2, Protein p53, Protein s 100, Regorafenib, Smooth muscle actin, Temozolomide, Vimentin, Acinetobacter, Adult, Article, Artificial ventilation, Bacteremia, Brain biopsy, Cancer chemotherapy, Cancer grading, Cancer palliative therapy, Cancer radiotherapy, Capsula interna, Case report, Cell proliferation, Cerebral peduncle, Cerebrovascular accident, Clinical article, Clinical feature, Consciousness disorder, Disease exacerbation, Distant metastasis, Drug substitution, Drug withdrawal, Dyspnea, Edema, Endotracheal intubation, Face, Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging, Follow up, Frontal lobe, Glioblastoma, Glioma, Gliosarcoma, Heart arrest, Histopathology, Hospital admission, Human, Human tissue, Klebsiella, Lebanese, Left hemisphere, Limb weakness, Male, Middle aged, Neuroimaging, Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, Optic chiasm, Patient history of surgery, Pneumonia, Positron emission tomography, Primary tumor, Proliferation index, Protein expression, Right hemisphere, Seizure, Sepsis, Skin metastasis, Soft tissue, Superior frontal gyrus, Temporal bone, Thalamus, Tracheostomy, Tumor growth, White matter