Tumor Microenvironment in Prostate Cancer: Toward Identification of Novel Molecular Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy Development
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Frontiers Media S.A.
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is by far the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Despite sensitivity to androgen deprivation, patients with advanced disease eventually develop resistance to therapy and may die of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). A key challenge in the management of PCa is the clinical heterogeneity that is hard to predict using existing biomarkers. Defining molecular biomarkers for PCa that can reliably aid in diagnosis and distinguishing patients who require aggressive therapy from those who should avoid overtreatment is a significant unmet need. Mechanisms underlying the development of PCa are not confined to cancer epithelial cells, but also involve the tumor microenvironment. The crosstalk between epithelial cells and stroma in PCa has been shown to play an integral role in disease progression and metastasis. A number of key markers of reactive stroma has been identified including stem/progenitor cell markers, stromal-derived mediators of inflammation, regulators of angiogenesis, connective tissue growth factors, wingless homologs (Wnts), and integrins. Here, we provide a synopsis of the stromal-epithelial crosstalk in PCa focusing on the relevant molecular biomarkers pertaining to the tumor microenvironment and their role in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy development. © Copyright © 2021 Bahmad, Jalloul, Azar, Moubarak, Samad, Mukherji, Al-Sayegh and Abou-Kheir.
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Biomarker, Inflammation, Prostate cancer, Reactive stroma, Tumor microenvironment, Alpha smooth muscle actin, Androgen receptor, Angiopoietin 1, Angiopoietin 2, Angiopoietin receptor, Biological marker, Bone sialoprotein, Breast cancer resistance protein, Connective tissue growth factor, Cyclooxygenase 2, Fibroblast growth factor, Fibroblast growth factor 1, Fibroblast growth factor 8, Gelatinase a, Gelatinase b, Glutathione, Histone deacetylase 2, Integrin, Interleukin 13, Interleukin 6, Interleukin 8, Kruppel like factor 4, Microrna, Mucin 1, Nitric oxide, Osteonectin, Plasmin, Platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor, Polycomb repressive complex 2, Prostaglandin e2, Prostate specific antigen, Protein p53, Reactive oxygen metabolite, Scatter factor, Sialoprotein, Stromal cell derived factor 1, Thrombomodulin, Transcription factor gata 2, Transcriptome, Transforming growth factor beta, Ubiquitin protein ligase e3, Uvomorulin, Vasculotropin, Wnt protein, Angiogenesis, Antineoplastic activity, Apoptosis, Bone remodeling, Cancer diagnosis, Cancer growth, Cancer prognosis, Cancer research, Cancer staging, Cancer stem cell, Cancer therapy, Carcinogenesis, Castration, Cell proliferation, Cell survival, Cell viability, Clinical outcome, Connective tissue, Digital rectal examination, Disease exacerbation, Dispersity, Echography, Epithelial mesenchymal transition, Exosome, Extracellular matrix, Gene expression, Gleason score, Hematopoietic stem cell, Histology, Human, Innate immunity, Laser capture microdissection, Lipid diet, Liquid biopsy, Metastasis, Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer, Microdissection, Morphogenesis, Nuclear reprogramming, Prostate epithelium cell, Prostate hypertrophy, Prostate volume, Prostatectomy, Radiosensitivity, Review, Signal transduction, Single cell rna seq, Tumor growth, Tumor regression, Tumor volume, Upregulation, Wnt signaling