Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice reduces emphysematous changes and injury secondary to cigarette smoke in an animal model and human alveolar cells
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Dove Medical Press Ltd.
Abstract
Background: Cigarette smoke (CS) increases oxidative stress (OS) in the lungs. Pomegranate juice (PJ) possesses potent antioxidant activities, attributed to its polyphenols. This study investigates the effects of PJ on the damaging effects of CS in an animal model and on cultured human alveolar cells (A549). Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into the following groups: Control, CS, CS + PJ, and PJ. Acute CS exposure was for 3 days, while chronic exposure was for 1 and 3 months (5 days of exposure/week). PJ groups received daily 80 μmol/kg via bottle, while other groups received distilled water. At the end of the experiments, different parameters were studied: 1) expression levels of inflammatory markers, 2) apoptosis, 3) OS, and 4) histopathological changes. In vitro, A549 cells were pretreated for 48 hours with either PJ (0.5 μM) or vehicle. Cells were then exposed to increasing concentrations of CS extracted from collected filters. Cell viability was assessed by counting of live and dead cells with trypan blue staining. Results: Acutely, a significant increase in interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression, apoptosis, and OS was noted in CS when compared to Control. PJ significantly attenuated the expression of inflammatory mediators, apoptosis, and OS. Chronically (at 1 and 3 months), increased expression of TNF-α was observed, and lung sections demonstrated emphysematous changes when compared to Control. PJ supplementation to CS animals attenuated the increased expression of TNF-α and normalized lung cytoarchitecture. At the cellular level, CS extract reduced cellular proliferation and triggered cellular death. Pretreatment with PJ attenuated the damaging effects of CS extract on cultured human alveolar cells. Conclusion: The expression of inflammatory mediators associated with CS exposure and the emphysematous changes noted with chronic CS exposure were reduced with PJ supplementation. In vitro, PJ attenuated the damaging effects of CS extract on cultured human alveolar cells. © 2016 Husari et al.
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Acute lung injury, Antioxidants, Cigarette smoke, Emphysema, Inflammatory mediators, Pomegranate extract, Reactive oxygen species, Alveolar epithelial cells, Animals, Apoptosis, Cells, cultured, Disease models, animal, Fruit and vegetable juices, Humans, Interleukin-1beta, Interleukin-6, Mice, Mice, inbred c57bl, Oxidative stress, Polyphenols, Pulmonary emphysema, Punicaceae, Smoking, Tobacco smoke pollution, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Interleukin 1beta, Interleukin 6, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Antioxidant, Passive smoking, Polyphenol, Reactive oxygen metabolite, Tumor necrosis factor, Adult, Animal experiment, Animal model, Animal tissue, Article, Cell culture, Cell death, Cell proliferation, Cell viability, Controlled study, Cytoarchitecture, Diet supplementation, Human, Human cell, In vitro study, In vivo study, Lung alveolus cell, Lung emphysema, Lung injury, Male, Mouse, Nonhuman, Pomegranate juice, Protein expression, Therapy effect, Adverse effects, Animal, C57bl mouse, Disease model, Drug effects, Fruit and vegetable juice, Lung alveolus epithelium cell, Lythraceae, Metabolism, Pathophysiology