Epigenetic regulation of p21cip1/waf1 in human cancer
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MDPI AG
Abstract
p21cip1/waf1 is a central regulator of cell cycle control and survival. While mutations are rare, it is commonly dysregulated in several human cancers due to epigenetic mechanisms influencing its transcriptional control. These mechanisms include promoter hypermethylation as well as additional pathways such as histone acetylation or methylation. The epigenetic regulators include writers, such as DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs); histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone lysine methyltransferases; erasers, such as histone deacetylases (HDACs); histone lysine demethylases [e.g., the Lysine Demethylase (KDM) family]; DNA hydroxylases; readers, such as the methyl-CpG-binding proteins (MBPs); and bromodomain-containing proteins, including the bromo-and extraterminal domain (BET) family. We further discuss the roles that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) play in the epigenetic control of p21cip1/waf1 expression and its function in human cancers. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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Dna methylation, Epigenetic eraser, Epigenetic reader, Epigenetic writer, Histone acetylation, Histone methylation, Lncrna, Mirna, P21cip1/waf1, Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1, Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1a, Long untranslated rna, Microrna, Microrna 1180, Microrna 1236, Microrna 17 5p, Microrna 200c, Microrna 208a, Microrna 224, Microrna 3619 5p, Microrna 370, Microrna 503 3p, Microrna 6734, Microrna 92a, Microrna 93 5p, Microrna 95 3p, Unclassified drug, Anril gene, Bancr gene, Bladder cancer, Cancer cell, Carcinogenesis, Cdkn1a gene, Colon cancer, Colorectal cancer, Epigenetics, Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Gas5 gene, Gene expression, Gene function, Gene overexpression, Genetic regulation, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Hotair gene, Hoxa as2 gene, Human, Liver cell carcinoma, Malignant neoplasm, Mir31hg gene, Non small cell lung cancer, Nonhuman, Oncogene, Oncogene myc, Osteosarcoma, P21 cip1 waf1 gene, Pancreas adenocarcinoma, Promoter region, Pvt1 gene, Review, Stomach cancer, Uterine cervix cancer