Rethinking clinical instruction through the zone of proximal development

Abstract

Background: The complexity of the learning environment and intricacy of nursing tasks make it difficult for students to learn without the assistance of an expert. Teaching in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) aims at positioning learners in the zone of what they can do and develop with assistance to reach full potential and independence. ZPD is deemed essential to understand how teaching and learning take place; however, its implications for clinical educators are limited and need further exploration. Objectives: This research study aimed at exploring the instructional strategies that preceptors use to guide and support the development of undergraduate nursing students, from what they are capable of doing with assistance to what they can become and do independently. Design: The qualitative multiple case study research design was used to gain insights into the teaching experiences of 18 nurse preceptors situated in three recognized hospitals in Lebanon. Methods: Each preceptor was interviewed face-to-face using questions that were developed from a three-hour observation. Vygotsky's learning principles formed the reference point for this study. Analytic induction and constant comparison of preceptors' responses were applied throughout the study to unravel assisted strategies that target the potential learning zones of the student. Results: Three assumptions emerged from the data to underpin the preceptors' assistive strategies that help move learners from a cannot-do-level to can do independently. The assumptions are: (1) learning from clinical experience, (2) teaching beyond student ability, and (3) teaching for autonomy. In-depth analysis of both assumptions and strategies that focus instruction within each student's ZPD converged on a framework of three constructs: differentiated instruction, instructional scaffolding, and influencing a positive learning environment. Conclusion: It is imperative that clinical educators be most receptive to instruction that targets the student's ZPD, as the zone represents a potential phase in student learning. This study provides a ZPD framework for intensifying learning gains from clinical practice. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd