Adipose tissue immunomodulation: A novel therapeutic approach in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
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Frontiers Media S.A.
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a critical regulator of systemic metabolism and bodily homeostasis as it secretes a myriad of adipokines, including inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. As the main storage pool of lipids, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues undergo marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia in response to nutritional excess leading to hypoxia, adipokine dysregulation, and subsequent low-grade inflammation that is characterized by increased infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. The specific localization, physiology, susceptibility to inflammation and the heterogeneity of the inflammatory cell population of each adipose depot are unique and thus dictate the possible complications of adipose tissue chronic inflammation. Several lines of evidence link visceral and particularly perivascular, pericardial, and perirenal adipose tissue inflammation to the development of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the implication of the immune system in the regulation of adipose tissue function, adipose tissue immune components are pivotal in detrimental or otherwise favorable adipose tissue remodeling and thermogenesis. Adipose tissue resident and infiltrating immune cells undergo metabolic and morphological adaptation based on the systemic energy status and thus a better comprehension of the metabolic regulation of immune cells in adipose tissues is pivotal to address complications of chronic adipose tissue inflammation. In this review, we discuss the role of adipose innate and adaptive immune cells across various physiological and pathophysiological states that pertain to the development or progression of cardiovascular diseases associated with metabolic disorders. Understanding such mechanisms allows for the exploitation of the adipose tissue-immune system crosstalk, exploring how the adipose immune system might be targeted as a strategy to treat cardiovascular derangements associated with metabolic dysfunctions. © 2020 AlZaim, Hammoud, Al-Koussa, Ghazi, Eid and El-Yazbi.
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Adipose tissue, Adipose tissue browning, Adipose tissue immunology, Adipose tissue inflammation-definition of metabolic syndrome-insulin resistance-myokines-systemic inflammation, Immunometabolism, 2,4 thiazolidinedione derivative, Adiponectin, Chemerin, Chemokine receptor ccr5, Cyclooxygenase 2, Cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen 4, Gamma interferon, Glucagon like peptide 1, Glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonist, Glucosylceramide, Immunoglobulin j recombination signal sequence binding protein, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1, Interleukin 10, Interleukin 17, Interleukin 1beta, Interleukin 23, Interleukin 6, Leptin, Lipocalin, Metformin, Monocyte chemotactic protein 1, Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, Omega 3 fatty acid, Osteogenic protein 1, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, Resistin, Retinol binding protein 4, Secreted frizzled related protein 5, Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, Stromal cell derived factor 1, Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 1, Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6, Tyrosine 3 monooxygenase, Uncoupling protein 1, Vasculotropin, Adaptive immunity, Adipose tissue inflammation, Antiinflammatory activity, Body weight loss, Brown adipose tissue, Cardiovascular disease, Cardiovascular risk, Cd4+ t lymphocyte, Cd8+ t lymphocyte, Dendritic cell, Eosinophil, Exercise, Fasting, Gamma delta t lymphocyte, Homeostasis, Human, Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Immune response, Immunocompetent cell, Immunomodulation, Innate immunity, Insulin resistance, Intra-abdominal fat, Lifestyle modification, Low grade inflammation, Lymphoid cell, Macrophage, Mast cell, Mesenteric fat, Metabolic disorder, Natural killer t cell, Neutrophil, Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, Nonhuman, Obesity, Oxidative phosphorylation, Pericardial fat, Perirenal fat, Perivascular adipose tissue, Phagocytosis, Phenotype, Regulatory b lymphocyte, Regulatory t lymphocyte, Review, Th1 cell, Th17 cell, Thermogenesis, Tumor associated leukocyte, Tumor immunity, White adipose tissue