Gut microbiome: A promising biomarker for immunotherapy in colorectal cancer
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MDPI AG
Abstract
Research has been driven towards finding therapy predictive biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC) with a special interest in studying the gut microbiome. Gut microbiome acts not only as a barrier to prevent bacterial invasion and infection, but it also affects the efficacy of hematopoietic-cell transplantation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Recently, immunotherapy, which potentiates the host immune system, has revolutionized cancer therapy in general and CRC treatment specifically by increasing the quality of life and the survival of a subset of patients with this disease. In immunotherapy, the gut microbiome plays an important role in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1) mediation, and T cell stimulation. As such, this review will cover the role of gut microbiome in CRC, summarize approved immunotherapy treatments for CRC, and focus on the potential use of gut microbiome as a biomarker for immunotherapy. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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Colorectal cancer, Gut microbiome, Immunotherapy, Animals, Biomarkers, Colorectal neoplasms, Gastrointestinal microbiome, Humans, Immunomodulation, Treatment outcome, Biological marker, Cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen 4, Ipilimumab, Irinotecan, Nivolumab, Oxaliplatin, Pembrolizumab, Programmed death 1 receptor, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium longum, Cancer immunotherapy, Collinsella aerofaciens, Dysbiosis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus hirae, Eubacterium limosum, Feces microflora, Firmicutes, Fusobacterium, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Gene expression, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, Human, Immune response, Immune system, Intestine flora, Lachnospiraceae, Lymphocyte activation, Metagenomics, Microsatellite instability, Mismatch repair, Nonhuman, Parvimonas micra, Proteobacteria, Review, Risk factor, Roseburia intestinalis, Ruminococcaceae, Unfolded protein response, Animal, Colorectal tumor, Drug effect, Immunology