Thymoquinone: Fifty years of success in the battle against cancer models
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Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ), the main active constituent of black seed essential oil, exhibits promising effects against inflammatory diseases and cancer. TQ, modulates signaling pathways that are key to cancer progression, and enhances the anticancer potential of clinical drugs while reducing their toxic side effects. Considering that TQ was isolated 50 years ago, this review focuses on TQ's chemical and pharmacological properties and the latest advances in TQ analog design and nanoformulation. We discuss our current state of knowledge of TQ's adjuvant potential and in vivo antitumor activity and highlight its ability to modulate the hallmarks of cancer. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Animals, Antineoplastic agents, phytogenic, Benzoquinones, Disease models, animal, Humans, Neoplasms, Nigella sativa, Nanoparticle, Thymoquinone, Angiogenesis, Antineoplastic activity, Breast cancer, Cancer cell, Cancer growth, Cell cycle arrest, Cell death, Cell proliferation, Colon cancer, Cytotoxicity, Differential pulse polarography, Drug bioavailability, Drug formulation, Drug structure, Gene mutation, Genomic instability, High performance liquid chromatography, Human, In vivo study, Inflammatory disease, Multiple myeloma, Neoplasm, Nonhuman, Phase 1 clinical trial (topic), Prostate cancer, Review, Signal transduction, Treatment outcome, Tumor microenvironment, X ray powder diffraction