Blood Biomarkers as Outcome Measures in Inflammatory Neurologic Diseases
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Springer New York LLC
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Only a few biomarkers are available in MS clinical practice, such as cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands and immunoglobulin index, serum anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies, and serum anti-John Cunningham virus antibodies. Thus, there is a significant unmet need for biomarkers to assess prognosis, response to therapy, or potential treatment complications. Here we describe emerging biomarkers that are in development, focusing on those from peripheral blood. There are several limitations in the process of discovery and validation of a good biomarker, such as the pathophysiological complexity of MS and the technical difficulties in globally standardizing methods for sampling, processing, and conserving biological specimens. In spite of these limitations, ongoing international collaborations allow the exploration of many interesting molecules and markers to validate diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic-response biomarkers. © 2016, The American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Inc.
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Autoimmune demyelination, Biomarkers, Disease progression, Multiple sclerosis, Therapeutic response, Encephalitis, Humans, 24 hydroxycholesterol, 25 hydroxyvitamin d, Antigen, Biological marker, Cell adhesion molecule, Chemokine, Chemokine receptor, Chitinase 3 like protein 1, Chitinase 3 like protein 2, Cholesterol, Cxcl13 chemokine, Cytokine, Eotaxin, Epidermal growth factor, Fas ligand, Glycosidase, Immunoglobulin g, Inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit kir4.1, Macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta, Microrna, Myelin basic protein, Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, Natalizumab, Neurofilament protein, Protein antibody, Recombinant beta interferon, Scatter factor, Unclassified drug, Unindexed drug, Untranslated rna, Antibody blood level, Apoptosis, Blood sampling, Cd4+ t lymphocyte, Cerebrospinal fluid, Cholesterol blood level, Diagnostic test, Drug efficacy, Drug safety, Human, Inflammation, Molecule, Neurofilament, Neurologic disease, Outcome assessment, Pathophysiology, Priority journal, Prognosis, Protein expression, Review, Serum, Standardization, Treatment response, Blood, Complication, Disease course