The hypertensive potential of estrogen: An untold story
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Elsevier Inc.
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The implication of estrogen in this disease has been extensively studied. While the vast majority of published research argue for a cardioprotective role of estrogen in vascular inflammation such as in atherosclerosis, the role of estrogen in hypertension remains far from being resolved. The vasorelaxant effect of estrogen has already been well-established. However, emerging evidence supports a vasoconstrictive potential of this hormone. It has been proposed that the microenvironment dictates the effect of estrogen-induced type 1 nitric oxide synthase-1 (nNOS) on vasotone. Indeed, depending on nNOS product, nitric oxide or superoxide, estrogen can induce vasodilation or vasoconstriction, respectively. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting the vasorelaxant effects of estrogen, and the molecular players involved. Furthermore, we shed light on recent reports revealing a vasoconstrictive role of estrogen, and speculate on the underlying signaling pathways. In addition, we identify certain factors that can account for the discrepant estrogenic effects. This review emphasizes a yin-yang role of estrogen in regulating blood pressure. © 2019
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17β-estradiol, Blood pressure, Estrogen, Hypertension, Vascular smooth muscle cells, Vasoconstriction, Vasodilation, Animals, Contraceptives, oral, hormonal, Estrogen replacement therapy, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle, smooth, vascular, Myocytes, smooth muscle, Risk factors, Sex factors, Signal transduction, Calcium channel, Carbon monoxide, Cyclic gmp dependent protein kinase, Cyclic nucleotide, Estrogen receptor, Mitogen activated protein kinase, Myosin light chain, Nitric oxide, Nitric oxide synthase, Oral contraceptive agent, Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, Artery wall, Central nervous system, Clinical observation, Genetic variation, Hormone substitution, Human, Maternal hypertension, Menstrual cycle, Nonhuman, Ovary polycystic disease, Postmenopause, Pregnancy, Pregnant woman, Premenopause, Priority journal, Protein phosphorylation, Renin angiotensin aldosterone system, Review, Sex chromosome, Turner syndrome, Vasodilatation, Adverse event, Animal, Estrogen therapy, Metabolism, Pathophysiology, Risk factor, Sex factor, Smooth muscle cell, Vascular smooth muscle