العمل مع السلطان الجائر :دراسة في الفكر والأدب عند الإماميّة خلال المرحلة التأسيسيّة -

Abstract

اشتُهِر التشيّع الإماميّ بنزعته المعارضة لكلّ أشكال السلطة التي خَلفَت الرسول محمّدًا (ت. 11-632) ما خلا الخليفة الرابع الإمام عليّ بن أبي طالب (ت. 40-661)؛ وقد نظر الشيعة الإماميّة بعين الريبة إلى السلطة الحاكمة مهما كانت، واعتبروها في أغلب الأحيان مغتصبةً للخلافة التي هي حقّ لأئمّتهم. يحفل التاريخ بالصراعات بين حركات التشيّع المبكرة والسلطة الحاكمة، و[u064

Imāmī Shīʿism is known for its denial of the legitimacy of the caliphs and rulers who succeeded Prophet Muhammad (d. 11-632), except for the fourth caliph ʿAlī (d. 40-661); their authority was questioned and most of the time they were accused of having usurped the caliphate from its legitimate holders: the Imāms. The clashes between early Shīʿī movements and these illegitimate governments were well-attested in history; the many Shīʿī revolts (Tawwābūn, al-Mukhtār al-Thaqafī, and Zayd b. ʿAlī, to mention only some) bear decisive witness to this situation. Moreover, even when the Shīʿī Imāms ceased to try to overthrow what they have considered unjust government, their attitude was to reject any attempt to provide help or even to work under the auspices of the authority. This stand is reflected in the numerous questions and requests (masāʾil) that they received from their followers asking about the lawfulness of the rulers, the permissibility to serve in government institutions, the legality of paying them taxes (Zakāt, Kharāj… etc.), getting involved in trade with them, and many other similar problematic circumstances. Generally, the response was to avoid any collaboration with the government unless there was an extreme necessity or coercion. Yet, this was not always the case. In many other situations, the Imāmī tradition shows that the Imāms, their companions, and their followers did actually collaborate with this authority despite their unchanged general position on its illegitimacy. Even more, in some reports, the Imāms asked some of their companions to join the highest offices in the state and at times to serve the caliph directly. For instance, ʿAlī b. Yaqṭīn (d. 182-798), a companion of the sixth Imām al-Ṣādiq (d. 148-766) and the seventh Imām al-Kāẓim (d. 183-