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    Digital Transparency Deficit: Assessing Online Accountability Practices of Lebanese NGOs
    (2024) Haddad Tania N.; Department of Political Studies and Public Administration
    The internet has become a key tool for nonprofit transparency, especially in contexts where formal regulatory oversight is weak. This paper explores how nonprofit associations in Lebanon use their websites to communicate transparency and demonstrate accountability. Through an exploratory content analysis of 196 active websites, the study assesses whether Lebanese associations disclose information about their mission, governance, finances, and stakeholder engagement. The results show that while most associations provide basic descriptive details and maintain online communication channels, they rarely publish financial statements, governance documents, or performance reviews. This limited online transparency reflects both structural constraints, like an outdated legal framework and fragmented donor requirements, and organizational choices. The paper underscores the implications of these gaps and offers recommendations to enhance digital transparency and strengthen accountability practices among Lebanese NGOs.
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    The History, Causes and Politics of Armenian Terrorism from 1975 until 1986: A Critical View
    (Maghreb Publications, 2025-02-03) Geukjian, Ohannes; Department of Political Studies and Public Administration; American University of Beirut
    This article examines and analyzes the history, causes, politics of a decade of Armenian terrorism from 1975 to 1986. We argue that the main aim of Armenian terrorism was to publicize the Armenian cause and bring to the attention of the international community that the Armenian genocide, which was committed by the Ottoman Empire in 1915, should be recognized by Turkey. We provide a detailed examination of both ASALA (Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia) and JCAG (Justice Commandos for the Armenian Genocide), the military wing of the Armenian Revolutionary Party (ARF). We also examine how both groups grew in the Middle East, Lebanon, and carried transnational actions, their policies, organization, and strategies. Our analysis is based on in-depth historical research relying on primary sources and oral history methods. We also provide a comprehensive analysis how both groups blossomed and the processes that led to their demise.
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    A Theoretical Performance Analysis Framework for Data Detection in the Terahertz Band
    Enad, Almutasem Bellah; 202480918; Sarieddeen, Hadi; Fahs, Jihad; Abou Faycal, Ibrahim; Al-Naffouri, Tareq; ME; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
    Future wireless systems, particularly those operating in the terahertz (THz) band, require accurate channel modeling and analysis that move beyond classical assumptions of idealized fading and independent channel and noise. This thesis develops a unified analytical framework for evaluating the symbol error performance of THz-band linear detectors under realistic channel–noise dependencies and diverse fading conditions. The analysis spans Rayleigh, α - μ, and mixture–gamma (MG) channels, capturing both indoor and outdoor THz propagation environments. New semi-analytical, asymptotic, and approximation-based expressions are derived for zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) detection, accounting for the bias and noise enhancement effects inherent to each scheme. The thesis also presents exact and approximate diversity analyses for maximum-ratio combining (MRC) in THz systems. Extensive simulations confirm the accuracy of the proposed framework. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive and tractable foundation for analyzing and optimizing next-generation THz communication links.
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    Russia's Policy Goals after Two Decades after the American Invasion of Iraq
    (Maghreb Publications, 2023-11-04) Geukjian, Ohannes; Department of Political Studies and Public Administration; American University of Beirut
    This article examines Russia's policy goals in the Middle East (ME) and the former Soviet space (FSS) after the American invasion of Iraq in 2003 and its impact on Moscow's broader foreign relations. Russia did not support the invasion of Iraq because Moscow was against the unilateral use of force without special authorization by the UN Security Council (SC). After losing Iraq in 2003 and Libya in 2011, both former Soviet client states, Russia used its military power to prevent externally imposed regime change in Ukraine and Syria and positioned itself as a major player in the wider ME and beyond. We use the concept of positional goods to analyse not only Russia's behaviour on the basis of Iraq's case, but also the implications of US hegemony. We argue that Russia as a revisionist power and through its efforts to assume regional dominance wanted to achieve great power status. Russia also sought multilateralism to change the liberal international order and proposed multi-regional cooperation within the framework of international institutions. Still, the Russian leadership has advocated a multipolar world order in which Russia would hold a special role as a great power and would contribute to global stability.
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    China’s Geopolitics and Geo-Economics in the Middle East and the Gulf Countries to Achieve Sustainable Development and Common Interests
    (Maghreb Publications, 2024-11-03) Geukjian, Ohannes; Department of Political Studies and Public Administration; American University of Beirut
    The aim of this paper is to examine and analyse China’s growing interest and influence in the Middle East (ME) in general and the Arab countries in particular after Xi Jinping was elected President in 2013. In addition, this article highlights the interest of the Arab countries, including the Gulf countries, in establishing strong economic and trade relations with China because they are aware that Beijing will play a bigger role in global economic relations, thus limiting the dominance of the United States (U.S.) in the global economy. We argue that China has sought to deepen its cooperation with the ME under the Belt and Road (BRI) initiative framework and to increase Chinese investments and trade ties in the Gulf countries, mainly because these countries constitute a cornerstone of China’s energy security. For their part, the ME countries supported the BRI because it aimed to improve communication infrastructure between Asia, Africa and Europe. In addition, China’s policy of promoting multilateralism will contribute to building a global community with a shared future.