Russian energy diplomacy : the case of Russian-Qatari rivalry on the European natural gas market

Abstract

This work analyses Russia’s energy policies in regard to Qatar, who is a natural gas competitor in the European market. Contrary to previous research which studies energy diplomacy from the perspective of energy consumer states and their relations with energy producer states, this paper offers an insight on supplier-supplier relations. In doing so, this study attempts to shed light on the available mechanisms for a producer state to safeguard its market shares and security of demand. By examining Russia’s energy diplomacy approach towards Qatar’s increasing natural gas exports to Europe, the aim is to characterize Russian energy export strategy through five dimensions of energy diplomacy tools. These tools are engaging in multilateral frameworks, commercial partnerships in the Qatari energy sector, involving Qatar in Russia’s energy sector, linking energy deals with arms sales, and military cooperation. Policy evaluation and event analysis is used to assess Moscow’s energy diplomacy tactics. The data is collected through interviews which is complemented by official documentation. Based on the analysis, there are signs of Russian use of energy diplomacy in its bilateral relations with Qatar, mainly in multilateral forums and by involving Qatar in its domestic energy sector. The methods held a cooperative character rather than intimidation tactics. Ultimately, these findings provide us with a deeper understanding of how Russian energy diplomacy is employed in the Middle East.